糖尿病典型症状是高血糖而尿糖，多饮、多食、多尿、消瘦，
The typical symptoms of DM are polydypsia, polyphagia, polyuria, emaciation and urinary glucose caused by hyperglycosemia,
祖国医学有消渴、消瘅、脾瘅等名。前人所言已不赘述。只以易医之眼通观于中西医学之言述，而有得于吾心者，条记于下。
DM is called as diabetes, diabetes with overeating and spleen disorder due to excessive heat in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Not repeating the predecessors’ views unnecessarily, this dissertation will give a general view to the narration of both Chinese and Western medicine from the eyes of Yi and traditional Chinese medicine. 

高血糖，糖为甘味，属土，土气在血水中有余之象。即表土之营运不足。
Sugar is sweet in flavor, corresponding to earth. As a result, Hyperglycosemia shows that there is excessive Qi of earth in the blood and indicates the dysfunction of earth in transportation
津液之类皆属坤营，其中有土之积余，即知是艮湿之气当机。
Body fluids all belong to nutrient and blood. If there is excessive earth in it, we know the dampness overdoing.

艮盛而兑受损。纵观消渴之为病，在于阴亏燥热，阳明兑卦有热客之病象。
Gen is excessive and Dui will be harmed. The pathogenesis of diabetes lies in deficiency of Yin and dry-heat, so the Dui trigram of yang-ming shows a symptom of heat.
“二阳结谓之消”，阳明经结聚而不运，则肌肉无所禀受于溉泽。
“Combinations of pathogenic evils in stomach and large intestine cause polyorexia”. The Meridian of Yangming is dysfunction in transportation so that the muscles cannot be nourished.
脾主肉，脾运化胃中水谷精微以濡养于肌肉，若湿盛脾精不布，又兼胃泽干燥，则无所输运，故消。
Spleen which dominates muscles transport and transform the foodstuff essence to nourish muscles. The failure of this function due to damp abundance and the dryness of stomach will lead to the failure of transportation, which result in emaciation.
兑泽所以不渗行，是湿热之围困。肥甘之人，肥使人热中，甘使人中满，气转上溢。
Dui fails in seeping is because of the besiegement of dampness and heat. Grease makes spleen heat and sweet causes abdominal fullness, so the Qi of obese people overflows.
肥是脂肪之厚积，土之敦阜，而热无从泄越，故客于中而窒兑金之布。
The thick accumulation of fat is Grease. Heat has no way to release when the earth is too thick. So it harms the spleen and obstructs the transport of Dui.

甘者益土，湿气氤氲之始。艮湿以阻之，火热以客之，兑将失性。
Sweet benefits earth before the damp turns to be dense. Blocked by Gen dampness and harmed by heat, Dui loses its property.

多饮者，渴欲饮水自救，胃经燥热也，欲得水饮胜火肃降。
Polydypsia people save himself by drinking more water. For dry and heat in Meridian of stomach desires water to restrain the fire and descend it.
兑泽中水涸，在气分则为燥。多食者，兑燥得火热而亢厉，故善消谷而易饥。
The water in Dui exhausted makes Qi system dried up. Polyphagia sufferer whose dryness aggravated by heat in Dui will be apt to polyorexia
多尿者，水直下趋，饮 一升 亦溲 一升 ，是泽失其容水之性而作燥。
Polyuria sufferer will drink 1 L and urinate 1 L as water pours downward directly. The dryness results from the failure of Dui‘s property to hold water.
若刚卤之地不留水也，在气分过燥而水分下趋之故。
It is difficult to remain the water in rocklike land because it is so dry in Qi system that the water tends to descend.
糖尿病发展到后面，湿淤盛而乘肾水，糖尿病肾病；侮肝，糖尿病眼病；下注于足，足为震，震不足以胜艮，糖尿病足。
With the development of DM, if the kidney water is restricted by excessive dampness, it causes diabetic nephropathy. If liver is counterrestricted, it leads to Diabetic eye diseases. If the dampness pours down to the foot which is Zhen, it will be Diabetes foot as Zhen cannot defeat Gen.
“治病必伏其所主，而先其所因。”这个消渴病之主即是足阳明胃经失性，所因即是艮湿与离热之困扰。今人知道糖尿病是胰岛素缺乏或胰岛素抵抗所致。
“Restricting the root and finding out the cause”. The root of DM is that the Meridian of Yangming Foot loses property and the cause is the trouble from Gen dampness and Li heat. Nowadays, people know DM is caused by deficiency or resistance of insulin. 

     I 型糖尿病人多肥胖而且发于青少年，是因湿之太过而遭木火报复，伤于中土。多系震性病毒，眚于土域，故脾伤。脾胃阴阳配对，阴伤则阳亢，故胃燥。犹如土遭震坼，水泽干涸。治当平肝胆填土而沃以泽，以复其伤。
Most patients of Type I DM are obese and the disease occurs at juvenile most of the cases. The excessive dampness is revenged by fire and the spleen is harmed. This is virus of Zhen property which harms spleen. Splenic and gastric yin-yang is compatible. Asthenic ying causing predominant yang results in dryness in stomach, just like the earth is split and water is dried up. The treatment should calm liver and gallbladder to fertile the earth, and then the harmness can be soothed.
治法：先用白虎汤加人参、天花粉（药方1）；再用黄精、白芍、山药、五味子、微炙甘草渐渐补脾（药方2），渐减胰岛素用量。
Methods of treatment: firstly, use White Tiger Decoction with Ginseng, root of Chinese trichosanthes (prescription 1); then, with Solomonseal, root of herbaceous peony, Chinese yam rhizome, fruit of Chinese magnoliavine, slightly fried licorice root to strengthen spleen(prescription 2).decreasing the dosage of insulin gradually.

     II 型糖尿病人多是胰岛素相对缺乏或胰岛素抵抗。脾运为湿所碍，故表现为不活跃状态。湿瘀当家是其关键。有少数病人检查虽为 II 型，但也夹杂了 I 型，只要看他是否素爱过度运动，这类病人还需参用 I 型治法。
Most patients of Type II DM are due to relative deficiency or resistance of insulin. The transport of spleen is obstructed by dampness and stays in an inactive condition. Damp-Stasis is the key point. Although a few patients are examined and diagnosed as Type II, their DM also mixes with Type I if they usually overdo sport. Treatment of these patients needs referring to that of type I.    

《内经》所言“二阳之病”、“二阳三阴之病”与此也有相合之处。湿土盛于血中，就好比水有浑浊，要让它恢复清流，需要从三个方向入手，加强水的流动以激浊扬清，加强水里的沉降力量，加强水中微生物的化浊功能。具体来说，就是要运动让血奔涌起来，要沉降去湿热，要疏肝达土。治此沉疴宜分三步以治之：
“Disease in the Meridian of Yangming” and “disease in the Meridian of Yangming and Taiyin” recorded in NEIJING is coincident with this case. The damp earth is abundance in blood, like the water is muddy. To refresh it, we need to start from three aspects. Intensify the water flow to drive out evil and usher in good, strengthen the power of sedimentation in water and enhance the function of microbial dissipating turbidity in water. Speaking in details, it is to flush water by moving, to eliminate dampness by sedimentating and to recover earth by soothing liver.  The treatment of this severe and lingering disease is divided into 3 steps.

一、燥湿去热。既然湿热为因，参照自然界秋代长夏的道理，燥代湿政，当于此留意。用苍术、半夏、琥珀、意苡仁、石膏、天花粉、滑石。 苍术为君（药方3）。
Firstly, dry dampness and reduce heat. Since dampness and heat is the cause, according to the principle that autumn will replace long summer, the dryness can restrict dampness.  We can use Chinese atractylodes, pinellia, amber, coixseed, gypsum, root of Chinese trichosanthes and talc, Chinese atractylodes as Jun. (prescription 3)
二、除湿瘀陈腐。玉液汤滋阴润燥，多柔濡之品，不适合这种情况，比较适合肾虚胃燥的情况。用柴胡、茵陈披肝沥胆，风雷兴起，风雷作而湿能布雨。用佩兰以化陈腐之气，用鸡内金消解糖分，用益母草、王不留行活血破血化甘为液（药方4），用陈皮泄其土气，用泽泻泄浊而下。
Secondly, eliminate dampness and mustiness. Jade Fluid Decoction can nourish yin for moistening dryness.  But with too many soft and moist components, it fits for Kidney-Deficiency and stomach-dryness condition instead of this disease. We use Chinese thorowax and capillary Artemisia to clear liver and Gallbladder. The wind and thunder makes it rain.  Eupatorium converts the mustiness and membrane of chicken gizzard clears up the sugar.  Motherwort and seed of cowherb relieves blood stasis and promote blood circulation and turn sweet into fluid, (Prescription 4) with dried old orange peel to release the Qi of earth and oriental water plantain to discharge turbid substance.

    三、用金匮肾气原方（用生地）减山药量加车前子、黄柏（药方5）。有肝火时略加山栀，气甚不足方加炙甘草。借命门之力上溯其水以润泽，又动艮湿之横。须久服。
Thirdly, use JINKUI kidney Qi Bolus (with Radix Rehmanniae) reducing Chinese yam rhizome and adding Asiatic plantain seed, corktree, dosed long period. (Prescription 5) If there is hepatic fire, add some capejasmine, if the Qi is insufficient, add some fried licorice root. With the power of mingmen, the water can go up-toward to moisten and restrict the dampness of Gen. This needs long-term use.
肾水不鼓舞而兴，燥热之象、湿瘀之根必难彻底祛除。病人也要跑步运动以为佐助，或者用空气压力治疗仪加强活血化瘀，鼓舞命门之阳。湿日减，肾日强，可以必愈。老年人尤须此方。
The renal water rise without invigoration is a symptom of dry-heat. The root of dampness and siltation will be surely hard to dispel to the core. The patients need to jog and do sport to assist the treatment. They can also use Air Pressure Therapy Equipment to promote blood-activating and stasis-eliminating and inspire the Yang of Mingmen. The dampness will reduce and kidney can turn strong gradually. Patients can get recovery in this way, and elderly people in particular.

前人有分消渴为上中下消，以阴虚燥热立法，然而不去明辨 I 型、 II 型，不适合处治当今的病机。 I 型由于脾受伤而燥热， II 型由于湿气困脾而燥热。一当休养于脾，一当健脾，要害在如何辟湿。 II 型糖尿病人循上述次第循环用药，还应注意节制饮食、克制房事、勤于运动，方可治愈。  
The predecessors divided Diabetes into three types according to the upper, middle and lower-jiao and established the methods of treatment by yin-deficiency and dryness-heat. Not differentiating the type I and II, the method is not suitable for present pathogenesis. The pathogenesis of Type I is dryness-heat caused by the harmed spleen while that of Type II is dampness disturbing spleen. The first one should nourish spleen and the other should reinforce the spleen. Expelling dampness is the vitals. Patients of type II should use medicine as mentioned above in sequence circularly. Meantime, pay attention to diet control, temperance in sexual life and doing exercise which are also good for healing.

文中主要药方：
The main prescription:
药方1：白虎汤加人参 6 克 、天花粉 9 克
Prescription 1:
White Tiger Decoction adding 6g Ginseng, 9g root of Chinese trichosanthes.
药方2：黄精 12 克 、白芍 9 克 、山药 9 克 、五味子 6 克 、微炙甘草 3 克
Prescription 2:
12g Solomonseal, 9g root of herbaceous peony, 9g Chinese yam rhizome, 6g fruit of Chinese magnoliavine and 3g slightly fried licorice root.
药方3：苍术 9 克 、半夏 6 克 、琥珀 9 克 、意苡仁 9 克 、石膏 12 克 、天花粉 9 克 、滑石 6 克
Prescription 3:
9g Chinese atractylodes, 6g pinellia, 9g amber, 9g coixseed, 12g gypsum, 9g root of Chinese trichosanthes and 6g talc.
药方4：柴胡 9 克 、茵陈 12 克 、佩兰 9 克 、鸡内金 9 克 、益母草 9 克 、王不留行 9 克 、陈皮 6 克 、泽泻 9 克
Prescription 4:
9g Chinese thorowax, 12g capillary Artemisia, 9g eupatorium,  9g membrane of chicken gizzard, 9g motherwort, 9g seed of cowherb, 6g dried old drange peel and 9g oriental water plantain.
药方5：生地 18 克 泽泻 9 克 山药 6 克 茯苓 9 克 山茱萸 9 克 丹皮 9 克 肉桂 3 克 附子 3 克 、车前子 6 克 、黄柏 6 克
Prescription 5:
18g Radix Rehmanniae , 9g oriental water plantain, 6g Chinese yam rhizome 9g tuckahoe, 9g fruit of medicinal cornel,9g root-bank of peony,3g bark of Chinese cassia tree, 3g monkshood, 6g Asiatic plantain seed and 6g corktree.